"Dr. Klenner reported that patients
given vitamin C would suffer no residual defects from their polio. A controlled
study in England on 70 children, half given vitamin C and half given placebo
showed that none of the treated cases developed any paralysis."
The Vitamin Paradigm Wars
Abram Hoffer, M.D, Ph.D.
I have been involved in megavitamin controversies
from 1955 when with two colleagues we [1] published our paper showing that
niacin lowered total cholesterol levels. This was quickly confirmed because
Dr. W. B. Parsons, Jr[2] . It was easy to measure cholesterol levels. Dr
Parsons is one of the most knowledgeable and experienced internists in
the use of niacin to lower cholesterol levels. But after we[3] published
a much more comprehensive paper where we concluded: (1) that the addition
of niacin or niacinamide in large doses was therapeutic for acute and non
deteriorated schizophrenics; (2) was not therapeutic for chronic patients,
our involvement in controversy became massive, until today even though
every study using the same type of patients, the same methods and the same
regimen, has corroborated our findings.
The conclusions reached by Dr. E. Cameron
and Linus Pauling[4] on the beneficial effect of ascorbic acid on the outcome
of terminal cancer was just as forcefully rejected by the cancer establishment.
The main reason for the non acceptance of the Vale of Leven's conclusions
and for the nonacceptance of our psychiatric findings is very simple.
We are just now beginning to emerge from the vitamins-as-prevention paradigm
into the vitamins-as-treatment paradigm. Psychiatry is simply ten or more
years behind the rest of the medical sciences.
The Five Stages of Vitamin Discovery
and Use
Machlin[5] divided the history of the
vitamins into five periods. The first phase was present from 1500 B.C.
to about 1900 A.D. when it was empirically observed that certain foods
prevented some diseases. Egyptians used liver to prevent night blindness.
Central American Indians used specially treated and cooked corn to prevent
pellagra for several thousand years.
The second period started about 1890 and
continued until about 1910. During this period the relationship between
the lack of certain foods and disease became established. Thus polished
rice was proven to cause beri beri. Of course, if brown rice had remained
the staple food of the Japanese Navy there would have been no problem and
no discovery of thiamin as a vitamin. During the first period it became
recognized that altering the natural food supply would produce disease.
This lesson is still imperfectly understood by most modern societies.
The third phase from 1900 to 1948 was the
golden age of vitamin discovery, isolation and synthesis of vitamins. The
fourth phase from 1933 began with the first commercial synthesis of vitamin
C and continues today. These four phases comprise the vitamin-as-prevention
paradigm. This paradigm became so firmly established that only now is it
beginning to weaken by the onslaught of new information.
The fifth phase is the recognition of health
effects beyond prevention and new biochemical functions. It is the vitamin-as-treatment
paradigm. It is beginning to enter the medical profession, has not yet
been accepted by the medical schools which remain many years behind in
the teaching of nutrition and is still tightly held by dietitians and many
nutritionists, especially those working for institutions.
The introduction of this last phase is
credited by Machlin to our paper in 1955 which showed that megadoses of
nicotinic acid decreased total cholesterol, the decrease being relatively
greater the higher the initial blood level. He wrote, "I somewhat arbitrarily
started the fifth period with the report in 1955 of the cholesterol-lowering
effect of niacin, which is a well-accepted response of the vitamin that
has nothing to do with its coenzyme role and is a clear health effect beyond
preventing the deficiency disease pellagra". I had concluded many years
ago that this early report would be one of the most important findings
which would take us into the modern paradigm. It is the first vitamin to
be approved for megadose use by FDA, for lowering cholesterol, but it could
also be used for any other indication including the schizophrenias.
The Vitamin-as-Prevention Paradigm
This paradigm is described by the following
rules or beliefs:
1) That vitamins are catalysts and therefore
are needed in very small doses since they can be recycled almost indefinitely.
2)That they are needed only to prevent
deficiency disease i.e. diseases caused by a deficiency of these vitamins.
Thiamin is needed to prevent beri beri, nicotinic acid is needed to prevent
pellagra and vitamin C is needed to prevent scurvy.
It therefore follows that any use of vitamins
which disobeys these rules is not indicated and has by many medical societies
been considered unethical practice or malpractice. If they are needed only
in small doses the use of large doses must be forbidden. If they are used
only to prevent disease, any use to treat other disease must be forbidden.
For these reasons regulatory daily requirement
were developed as a guide to society and to the professions. They are invariably
small doses based upon this paradigm and upon very little real hard evidence
of their practicality and usefulness. The prevention paradigm adherents
presented a hard and secure front against those who would break its rules
by enforcing the view that large doses were never needed, that they were
potentially dangerous (these dangers were never clearly defined and related
to dose level, and the height of sarcasm thrown against vitamins-as-treatment
physicians was that the only thing vitamins would do is to enrich the urine
and the waters into which that urine ran. Just a few months ago a physician
attacked some of my views in a popular medical journal by claiming that
the waters around Victoria must be rich in vitamin C. If I had retorted
I would have added that this is better than enriching them with antibiotics,
tranquilizers, antidepressants and the thousands of drugs which now enrich
the waters. A physician friend and colleague lost his medical license in
Saskatchewan. One of the charges against him was that he gave a patient
intravenous ascorbic acid. Another was that he diagnosed a patient schizophrenic
with the help of a test developed by Humphry Osmond and I called the HOD[6]
test. This is a very helpful perceptual test which yields probability levels
for the presence of schizophrenia.
Vitamin-as-Treatment Paradigm
This paradigm contains the following new
rules, based upon a good deal of evidence:
) That optimum doses should be used in
both prevention and treatment and that these doses vary from very small
to very large, i.e. into the megavitamin range. For example to prevent
pellagra one needs about 10 milligrams of nicotinic acid daily, but to
prevent the symptoms of chronic pellagra from recurring one will need close
to 1000 mg daily. There is no optimum doses for the whole population. It
depends upon age, sex, type of illness, type of stress, i.e. upon the individual.
We will have to determine the optimum levels for schizophrenics, for depressions,
for the arthritides, for lupus, for cancer and so on. This is well described
by Roger Williams[7] in his classic works on biochemical individuality.
) That vitamins may have activity which
appears to be unrelated to their properties as vitamins. This was a very
difficult concept to accept but the introduction of the word antioxidants
struck a responsive chord and many physicians who were terribly fearful
of using vitamins had no compunction against using the same vitamins an
antioxidants. This fits in with the increasingly popular view that hyper
oxidation, the formation of free radicals, is basic in the pathology of
a large number of conditions including cancer, senility and so on.
The Assault on the Vitamin-as-Prevention
Paradigm
This began about 55 years ago with the
report by the American pellagrologists that chronic pellagra could not
be treated except by very large doses of nicotinic acid; they used 600
mg daily. It was also shown that dogs kept on the pellagra- producing diet
for a long time no longer responded to small doses of this vitamin. They
had become dependent and needed much larger doses.
The next assault on this paradigm arose
from the classic studies of William Kaufman[8] who reported in two books
before 1950 the marked therapeutic benefit to arthritics by giving them
multigram doses of vitamin B-3 daily. But this important work was ignored
and hardly any physicians are aware it was ever done.
The next attack came from a different direction,
from the work of Drs. Wilfred and Evan Shute[9] of Ontario who showed that
large doses of vitamin E given for adequate periods of time were very helpful
in treating coronary disease, burns, and were useful in prevention. They
were not ignored. They were almost destroyed by a medical profession which
was completely unaware of the importance of their work, did not believe
vitamin E was a vitamin and knew with absolute certainty that their work
was useless. The Shute Clinic, still in existence, treated over 30,000
patients from all over North America. The agenda of the few attempts to
repeat their work was to show how useless vitamin E was. Today the major
studies[10] which have confirmed this early work still consistently refuse
to acknowledge the prior work of these great pioneers, as if the idea had
sprung freshly minted from their own foreheads when they launched the Harvard
Vitamin E studies. Had the Shutes' findings been taken seriously in 1960,
think of enormous saving of human health, the enormous decrease in human
misery and the enormous financial saving over the past 35 years.
In the early Fifties, Dr. Fred Klenner
began his work on megadoses of vitamin C. He used doses up to 100 grams
per day orally or intravenously. In clinical reports he recorded the excellent
response he saw when it was given in large doses. He reported, for example,
that patients given vitamin C would suffer no residual defects from their
polio. A controlled study in England on 70 children, half given vitamin
C and half given placebo showed that none of the treated cases developed
any paralysis while up to 20 percent of the untreated group did[11] . This
study was not published because the Salk Vaccine had just been developed
and no one was interested in vitamins. Dr. Klenner's work was ignored.
However, only after Linus Pauling entered
the field with his classic report to Science in 1968 did the use of megadoses
of vitamins receive major world attention. The public and a few scientists
were immediately attracted to his conclusions world wide, while the medical
profession as a block dumped all over him. Their main objection apparently
was that he did not have an M.D. Dr. Pauling became interested in vitamins
about the time he had decided to retire. He had won his second unshared
Nobel Prize and was getting tired and frustrated by the opposition to his
work for peace. He had made a few powerful enemies including Senator McCarthy
of anti communist fame, and Joseph Stalin of communist fame who considered
his views on the atom directly opposed to communist theory. At a meeting
in New York in 1966, both Dr. Irwin Stone and I met Dr. Pauling for the
first time. Dr. Stone had assembled a large collection of vitamin C papers
(he hated the word vitamin C and preferred the more correct term ascorbic
acid). Dr. Stone first used the word megavitamin and the word hypoascorbemia.
He considered scurvy, not a deficiency disease, but a metabolic error.
I urged him to publish his review of ascorbic acid which he did several
years later[12] . Irwin heard Dr. Pauling state that he wished he could
live another 25 years because science was making so many interesting discoveries.
Dr. Stone wrote to him and told him he could achieve his goal if he would
take vitamin C in megadoses. Dr. Pauling tried it out, was convinced because
he felt so much better, and lived another 30 years.
The major impetus given by Linus Pauling
to the megadose concept of vitamin C stimulated by Irwin Stone has finally
thrown this vitamin into public and medical acceptance. Many years ago
Linus Pauling concluded that people taking ascorbic acid would live longer[13]
. All the information we have about ascorbic acid lead to this conclusion.
It is therefore very helpful to actually see what it can do in practice
for the final test is the practical one - does it work? In fact, it does.
Dr. James Enstrom[14] , School of Public Health, University of California
at Los Angeles analyzed a ten year study of 11,348 people, aged 25 to 74.
Men who consumed at least 300 mg of ascorbic acid suffered 41 percent fewer
deaths during that period compared with men who took only 50 mg, in their
food. They lived on the average 6 years longer. For women the results were
not as striking. This amount of ascorbic acid can not be obtained from
the diet alone and shows that supplements are essential. Had they used
gram doses daily, I think the results would have been more striking.
Dr. A.G. Brox[15] and colleagues at McGill
University found that two grams of ascorbic acid daily, successfully treated
7 out of 11 patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). They
had all been sick more than two months and had not responded to adrenocorticosteroids.
Three had had splenectomies. Four had failed additional treatment including
the current usual treatments. Their report had been rejected by the New
England Journal of Medicine, I think, because they were then involved in
a dispute with Linus Pauling. They had refused to advise him whether a
rebuttal letter answering the Mayo cancer and ascorbic acid studies he
had submitted would be published until he threatened them with legal action.
Then they rejected it. I have one patient now with ITP on ascorbic acid
who has been well over five years, but only as long as she remains on her
ascorbic acid. If she discontinues it, her platelet count begins to sink
within a few weeks.
Linus Pauling[16] carried the orthomolecular
concepts into the field of cancer and again stirred up a hornets nest of
hostility. For a good discussion of his work see Hoffer[17] . But I am
totally convinced he was correct. His many scientific reports were very
impressive. My studies with Pauling[18] on 660 cancer patients beginning
in 1978 are confirmatory.
The first major attention to megadoses
of vitamins followed our report of the effect of nicotinic acid on cholesterol,
not because we had reported it but because it was promptly confirmed by
the Mayo Clinic. I had been invited by the Mayo Foundation to give them
a series of lectures on schizophrenia. During a dinner I told their chief
of psychiatry about the effect of nicotinic acid on cholesterol. He passed
it on to the chief of medicine in the presence of his senior resident Dr.
W. B. Parsons Jr[19] . Dr Parsons is one of the preeminent experts in the
use of megadoses of nicotinic acid. The work was then taken up by Dr. E.
Boyle, then with the National Institute of Health, and later by the Coronary
Drug Study which eventually established nicotinic acid as the treatment
of choice for hypercholesterolemia. It is also by and large the cheapest
and safest.
During that time Humphry Osmond and I published
our second book, "How To Live With Schizophrenia"[20] . A California patient[21]
had recovered on orthomolecular treatment having failed the best California
could offer over four years. Her father was so grateful he decided to educate
every physician in his community. He did so by handing out copies of our
book. One of them came into the hands of a psychiatrist. Dr. Pauling and
Ava visited her one afternoon, and Dr. Pauling saw the book on her coffee
table. He began to read it, borrowed it, and finished it by morning. He
went to bed still thinking of retiring and he arose the next day determined
that he would not and would enter this new field of megavitamin therapy.
He was intrigued by the large doses of vitamin B-3 we were using with safety.
This led to his Science report[22] and to his amazing contribution to the
theory of meganutrient therapy, in the use of vitamin C for viral and other
infections, for his very recent contribution to the cholesterol problem
and heart disease. Dr. Pauling made the greatest individual contribution
toward the overthrow of the old paradigm and its replacement by the newer,
more accurate, and useful one.
Megavitamin therapy was ignored by medicine
at large and was vilified by psychiatry. Only after Dr. Pauling entered
the fray did the major profession take notice, and then it too became very
hostile and critical especially after Dr. Pauling's first book on the common
cold appeared. The National Institute of Mental Health funded a study in
New Jersey under the direction of Dr. Wittenborn, a research psychologist.
They had first approached a psychiatrist in St. Louis, who agreed to do
the study if I would be a consultant. So the NIMH turned to New Jersey.
The Wittenborn study was double blind and was an attempt to repeat our
original double blind controlled studies started a decade before. Dr. Wittenborn
in his first report found that there was no difference between the placebo
and the treated group. We had claimed that it worked best for early or
acute patients and did not by itself help the very chronic ones. The Wittenborn[23]
study was primarily on these chronic cases. Later Dr. Wittenborn re-analyzed
his results by pulling out the early cases as we had done, and in his second
report he showed that he got the same results that we had. His first report
was greeted with shouts of enthusiasm from NIMH and later by the American
Psychiatric Association when they did their task force report on Megavitamins
and Orthomolecular Psychiatry. His second report was greeted by a cold
silence and may have cost him any further support. His second paper was
never referred to by the critics of megavitamin therapy.
The American Psychiatric Association called
Humphry Osmond and me before their Committee on Ethics because I had published
the California paper. After a vigorous half-day debate over 20 years ago
in Washington they told us they would let us have their decision in a few
weeks. We are still waiting. However, they effectively killed interest
in the use of vitamins for treating schizophrenia when they issued their
irresponsible and flawed report[24] . The APA bears major responsibility
for preventing the introduction of a treatment which would have saved millions
of patients from the ravages of chronic schizophrenia. Just as the APA
was once captured by psychoanalysis, it is now captured by tranquilizers.
Folic acid is another safe water soluble
vitamin. It has been used in doses up to 15 mg daily. There has been a
report that this dose caused gastrointestinal disturbances but in another
study with the same dose this was not seen. Most patients do not need more
than 5 mg. Recently it has been proven that women will give birth to babies
with spina bifida and similar neural tube defects (NTD) much less frequently
if they take supplemental folic acid, 1 mg per day. I generally recommend
5 mg daily. Dr. Smithells[25] in 1982 showed that giving pregnant women
extra folic acid decreased the incidence of NTD's. Before that he had measured
the red cell folate and white cell vitamin C levels of mothers who had
babies with NTD's and found they were lower in both. It was thus known
since 1981 that a multivitamin preparation containing folic acid would
decrease the birth of these damaged babies.
The immediate reaction to the original
findings was one of strong disbelief and hostility, and the establishment
refused to advise women to take folic acid until the requisite number of
double blind experiments were done. At last they are satisfied 11 years
later, culminating with a report in J. American Med Ass in 1989.
Folic acid provided protection for most causes of the defect. Even in women
with a family history, the frequency of babies with the defects was more
than five times greater - 18 per 1000 against 3.5 per 1000, in women who
did not take the vitamin in the first six weeks of pregnancy. How many
babies could have been saved by such a simple solution? Even if the original
findings had been wrong, what harm would it have done to have advised them
immediately about this very important finding? I was astonished in 1981
at the vehemence of the reaction by physicians and nutritionists, and I
am still astonished. The recent studies showed that folic acid decreased
NTD's by 75 percent. If all the other vitamins were used as well I am certain
that figure would be closer to 100 percent.
I can not recall in the past 40 years a
single female patient of mine on vitamins giving birth to any child with
a congenital defect. I have been able to advise them all that they not
only would not harm their developing baby by taking vitamins, but that
their chances of giving birth to a defective child would be greatly diminished.
I was frequently asked this by my patients who had been told by their doctors
that they must stop all their vitamins while pregnant. They looked upon
vitamins as toxic drugs. I am still asked the same question for the same
reason today.
However, governments can learn and respond.
It is now official that pregnant women should take extra folic acid in
order to prevent spina bifida and other birth defects. The U.S. Public
Health Service has issued the following advisory: "In order to reduce the
frequency of NTD's (neural-tube defects) and their resulting disability,
the United States Public Health Service recommends that: All women of childbearing
age capable of becoming pregnant should consume 0.4 mg of folic acid per
day for the purpose of reducing their risk of having a pregnancy affected
with spina bifida or other NTD's". This amount will not be provided by
most diets and requires supplementation. Apparently the US Public Health
Service is considering fortifying bread with folic acid. Folic acid is
destroyed by heat but some will survive.
In USA about 25,000 babies are born each
year with spina bifida. In Canada it has been estimated that each of these
children will have cost about $40,000 by the time they are 14 years of
age. Giving women folic acid early in their pregnancy would have avoided
perhaps 3/4 of these births. Over ten years, while the cautious scientists
were discussing whether folic acid was safe enough and was effective, 250,000
children were born at a total cost of 10 billion dollars (over ten years).
Folic acid for pennies per day could have saved the United States public
7.5 billions dollars over this ten year period. The saving in public health
dollars will be enormous. The waste in this long delay is inexcusable,
since folic acid is totally safe and could have been given to all pregnant
women over ten years ago. This is the costs of inactivity, of the conservative
stance of the profession when it comes to the super safe vitamins.
Conclusion
The vitamins-as-treatment paradigm is
developing very rapidly and will absorb the vitamin-as-prevention paradigm
which is no longer needed. Vitamins are important nutrients which will
be used in optimum doses, small or large, for conditions which are responsive
whether or not they are considered to be vitamin deficiency diseases. Only
the fossilized physicians who have been the most powerful antagonists of
the newer medicine still adhere to the old, totally inadequate paradigm.
But there are still physicians who question whether vitamin B-3 is the
correct treatment for pellagra. They will still promote their old ideas
and will bolster them by manufacturing toxicities. As a rule, when there
are no toxicities, it is simple to invent them, such as vitamin C causes
kidney stones, or damages the liver, or interferes with the treatment of
diabetes and so on. Every month I hear about new toxicities which totally
surprise and delight me because they indicate how imaginative my colleagues
can be.
A. Hoffer, M.D, Ph.D.
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JD: Influence of Nicotinic Acid on Serum Cholesterol in Man. Arch Biochem
Biophys 54:558-559, 1955.
[2] Parsons WB Jr, Achor RWP, Berge KG,
McKenzie BF & Barker NW: Changes in Concentration of Blood Lipids Following
Prolonged Administration of Nicotinic Acid to Persons With Hypercholesterolemia:
Preliminary Observations. Proc. Mayo Clinic 31:377-390, 1956.
[3] Hoffer A, Osmond H, Callbeck MJ &
Kahan I: Treatment of Schizophrenia with Nicotinic Acid and Nicotinamide.
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[7] Williams RJ: Nutrition Against Disease,
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Williams RJ: Physicians Handbook of Nutritional
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[8] Kaufman W: Common Forms of Niacinamide
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CT 1943.
Kaufman W: The Common Form of Joint Dysfunction:
Its Incidence and Treatment. E.L. Hildreth and Co., Brattelboro, 1949.
[9] Shute EV: The Heart and Vitamin E.
The Shute Foundation for Medical Research, London, Canada, 1969.
Shute WE & Taub HJ: Vitamin E for Ailing
and Healthy Hearts. Pyramid House, New York, 1969.
Shute WE: Vitamin E Book. Keats Publishing,
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[10] Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson
J, Colditz GA, Rosner B & Willett WC: Vitamin E consumption and the
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[11] Gould, Jonathan: Private Communication
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[12] Stone I: The Healing Factor, Vitamin
C Against Disease. Grosset and Dunlap, New York, 1972.
[13] Pauling L: How To Live Longer and
Feel Better. W. H. Freeman, New York, 1986.
[14] Enstrom JE, Kanim LE & Klein MA:
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[15] Brox AG, Howson-Jan KJ & Fauser
AA: Treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with ascorbate. Br.
J Haematology 70:341-344, 1988.
[16] Cameron E: Protocol for the use of
vitamin C in the treatment of cancer. Medical Hypothesis 36:190-194, 1991.
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treatment of cancer II. Clinical trial of high-dose ascorbic supplements
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[17] Hoffer J: Nutrients as Biologic Response
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[18] Hoffer A & Pauling L: Hardin Jones
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with a Large Fraction Surviving at the Termination of the Study and a Comparison
of Survival Times of Cancer Patients Receiving Large Regular Oral Doses
of Vitamin C and Other Nutrients with Similar Patients not Receiving those
Doses. J Orthomolecular Medicine 5:143-154, 1990.
Hoffer A & Pauling L: Hardin Jones
Biostatistical Analysis of Mortality Data for a Second Set of Cohorts of
Cancer Patients with a Large Fraction Surviving at the Termination of the
Study and a Comparison of Survival Times of Cancer Patients Receiving Large
Regular Oral Doses of Vitamin C and Other Nutrients with Similar Patients
Not Receiving These Doses. Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine 8:1547-167,
1993.
Hoffer A: Orthomolecular Oncology. In,
Adjuvant Nutrition in Cancer Treatment. Ed. P. Quillin & R. Michael
Williams, Cancer Treatment Research Foundation, 3455 Salt Creek Lane, Suite
200, Arlington Heights, IL 60005-1090, 1994.
[19] Parsons WB Jr: Clinical Alternatives
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[20] Hoffer A & Osmond H: How To Live
With Schizophrenia. University Books, New York, NY, 1966. Also published
by Johnson, London, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan. New and Revised Edition,
Citadel Press, New York, NY, 1992.
[21] Hoffer A: Five California Schizophrenics.
J Schizophrenia 1:209-220, 1967. [Return to Paper]
[22] Pauling L: Orthomolecular Psychiatry.
Science 160:265- 271, 1968. [Return to Paper]
[23] Wittenborn JR, Weber ESP & Brown
M: Niacin in the long term treatment of schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry
28:308-15, 1973. Wittenborn JR: A Search for Responders to Niacin Supplementation.
Arch Gen Psych 31:547-552, 1974. [Return to Paper]
[24] Hoffer A & Osmond H: In Reply
to The American Psychiatric Association Task Force Report on Megavitamin
and Orthomolecular Therapy in Psychiatry. Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation,
Regina, SK, now at 16 Florence Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada M2N 1E9. August
1976.
[25] Smithells RW: Prevention of Neural
Tube Defects by Vitamin Supplements. Ed. John Dobbing, Academic Press,
New York, 53-84, 1983.
The Townsend Letter for Doctors and
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Dr. Andrew Saul
Source: http://www.advancedhealthplan.com/ascorbates.htm